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RESTORATION, LIBERALISM
AND NATIONALISM
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
1815-1870
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
Europe after the Napoleonic Empire
• What was the Restoration?
▫ It was a return to the political system of the
Ancien Régime after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
The leaders of various
European states met at
the Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815).
MEASURES

The restoration of absolute monarchy

Changes to Europe´s borders
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna

The restoration of
absolute monarchy
The European
monarchs who had
been deposed by
Napoleon returned
to power.

However, some of
these monarchs had
to accept
constitutional limits
to their power
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
Changes to Europe´s
borders
Napoleon´s conquests
had transformed the
map of Europe.

After his
defeat, another series
of changes were made
to guarantee peace
and avoid new
revolutions.
Objectives:
1.- To reduce the
number of States
2.- To stop the French
conquers.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
Prusia annexed the
Rhineland.
Belgium was united
with the Netherlands
to form the Kingdom
of the Netherlands.

The Cogress of Vienna

France came back to
its borders before the
Revolution.

The German Confederation
was created. It was formed
by 39 states, and was
dominated by Austria and
Prusia.

Two buffer states
were created to avoid
a French invasion.

Italy was divided
into various states.

Austria, Rusia and Prusia
gained territories in a balanced
way, so that no one could be
more powerful than the others.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
• Two alliances were formed to enforce the
agreements of the Congress of Viena:

Objectives
To enforce the Congress of
Vienna

To support Europe´s
restored monarchs in the
event of a revolution
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
• Two alliances were formed to enforce the
agreements of the Congress of Viena:

Alliances
The Holy Alliance
Russia
Austria
Prusia

The Quadruple
Alliance
The three members
of the Holy Alliance
and Great Britain
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
What happened in Spain after the
war of Independence?

Joseph I left Spain

Fernando VII returned to the Spanish
throne.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
Periods of Fernando VII´s reign

1.- The restoration of
absolutism
2.- The liberal
period
3.- The victory of
absolutism
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
1.- The restoration of absolutism (1812-1820)
What happened when
Fernando VII returned
to Spain?

He had the
support of
the
Spanish
people

Spanish
people
received
him as
their
legitimate
king

What did Fernando VII
do after becoming king?

He abolished
the
Constitution
of 1812

He ruled as
an absolute
monarch
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII

Some
members of
the Spanish
military
rebelled
against this
return of
absolutism.

In
1820, there
was a
successful
revolt led by
two army
officers, Rieg
o and
Quiroga.

The king
restaured
the liberal
Constitution
of 1812 and
the rights
and
freedoms.

General Riego
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
3.- The victory of absolutism
(1823-1843)

What did Fernando VII do to restore absolutism?

He asked the Holly Aliance to assist him in reestablishing absolutism.

What happened after this decision?

There were more revolts but this time they
weren´t successful
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign

The problem of Fernando VII´s succession
• Who was going to inherit the throne?
▫ Fernando VII had no sons.
▫ He had one daughter: Isabel.

• Could women inherit the throne?
▫ No, they couldn´t. In Spain there was the Salic
law, established by Felipe V. It didn´t allow females to
inherit the throne.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign

The problem of
Fernando VII´s succession

• What did Fernando VII do?
▫ He proclaimed his pragmatic
sanction, which replaced Salic law.

▫ This allowed his daughter, Isabel, to
become queen after his death.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign

The problem of
Fernando VII´s succession
• Was everybody in favour of his
pragmatic sanction?
▫ No, Fernando´s brother was
angered:
 Under Salic law, Fernando´s heir
would have been his brother Carlos.

Carlos María
Isidro de Borbón
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE
The reign of Fernando VII
The end of Fernando VII´s reign

The problem of Fernando VII´s succession
• What were the consequences of the
pragmatic sanction?
▫ The Carlist Wars
 1833-1840

 1846-1849
 1872-1876
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM

REVOLUTIONS
19th CENTURY

TWO
POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES
NATIONALISM

DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
Origins:
the Enlightenment ideas (American War of Independence and
French Revolution).

LIBERALISM

Objective:
Emphasis of individual freedoms and rights.
(As a reaction against the Restoration of the
Absolutism)
Representation:
It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
SEPARATION OF
POWERS
LIMITED
SUFFRAGE
(Only male property
owners)

CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY

NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY

LIBERALISM

FREEDOM OF:
- ASSOCIATION
- RELIGION
- THE PRESS
REMEMBER!
• What is the difference between a state
and a nation?
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
Origins:
1.- The expansion of the Napoleonic
Empire.

NATIONALISM

2.- The new division of Europe
imposed by the Congress of Vienna
=> no respect to the identity of the
peoples such as Polish, Belgians,
Norwegians, Italians or Germans.

3.- The ancien Empires, such as the Ottoman, the Russian and the Austrian
Empires, were formed by very different peoples.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
Consecuences:
Some peoples claimed their independences.

NATIONALISM

Nationalism advocated the right of people who
defined themselves as nations to establish their
own independent states.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
INDEPENDENT NATION-STATES WITH
CLEARLY DEFINED BORDERS

THE FORM OF
GOVERNMENT THAT EACH
NATION PREFERS

NATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY

POPULATION WITH A COMMON
HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE

NATIONALISM

A WELL-INTEGRATED
SOCIETY
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
In the 19th century, democratic movements
defended ordinary people´s right to
participate in politics.
DEMOCRACY

Representation:
The middle and working classes.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM
AND DEMOCRACY
OPPOSITION
TO MONARCHY
(Considered
incompatible with
democracy)
REPUBLIC

NATIONAL
SOVEREINGTY

UNIVERSAL
MANHOOD
SUFFRAGE

DEMOCRACY

POLITICAL PARTIES
SHOULD DEFEND THE
RIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE
AND WORKING CLASSES
AGAINST UPPER-CLASS
DOMINANCE
Do exercises 9, 10 and
11 on page 125.

El comandante Riego
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
Meaning

Political
revolutions

The end of
absolute
monarchy
Based on liberal
and nationalist
ideologies

First half of the
19th century
Characteristics

Establishment
of democracy
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
Political revolutions
First half of the 19th century

1820s => Portugal, Spain and
Greece

1830 => France and Belgium
1848 => France, the Austrian

Empire, the German Confederation
and Italy
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1820s political revolutions
▫ Countries:
 Portugal and Spain

▫ Characteristics:
 liberal revolutions

▫ Aim:
 To establish constitutional monarchies
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1820s political revolutions
▫ Countries:
 Greece

▫ Characteristics:
 liberal and nationalist
revolution

▫ Aim:
 To win its independence from the Ottoman Empire
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1830 political revolutions
▫ Countries:
 France

▫ Characteristics:

Carlos X of
Borbon wanted to
eliminate the
charter given by
Luis XVIII.

 liberal revolution

▫ Aim:
 To establish a constitutional
monarchy.

Luis Felipe de
Orleans became
king. He was the
leader of the
upper class.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1830 political revolutions
▫ Countries:
 Belgium

▫ Characteristics:
 Nationalist revolution

▫ Aim:
 To gain independence from the Neatherlands, to
which Belgium had been united by the Congress of
Vienna.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
• 1848 political revolutions
▫ Countries:

 France, the Austrian Empire, the German Confederation and
Italy.

▫ Characteristics:

 More radical
 Democratic revolution:

▫ Aim:

 the middle class and proletariat were now demanding
democratic reforms which would give them access to political
power.

▫ Results :

 Only in France the revolution suceed:

 Proclamation of the Second Republic
 Introduction of universal manhood suffrage
ITALIAN AND GERMAN
UNIFICATION
Nationalist
movements
Desintegrating
Greece
Belgium

Unifying

Germany
Italy
ITALIAN AND GERMAN
UNIFICATION
• How were Italian and German territories like until
the mid-19th century?
▫ They were divided into numerous independent states.

• What happened during the first half of the 19th
century in these modern-day countries?
▫ Nationalists movements emerged.

• What was the result of these movements?
▫ These states were unified to form two new nation-states:
Italy and Germany.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point: after
the Congress of
Viena, the Italian
peninsula was divided
into seven states:
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Why was there a
nationalist
movement?
▫ They had a common
language.
▫ They wanted to
increase the economic
market.
▫ They wanted
infraestructures of
transport.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Who was opposed to
the Italian
unification?
▫ The Austrians (after the
Congress of
Vienna, they had
annexed the Kingdom
of
Lombardy, Parma, Mód
ena and Toscana).
▫ The Papal States
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Who was the motor
of the unification?
▫ The kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia
 Italian monarchy of
Saboya.
 A great army.
 Liberal constitution.
 A seaport.
 Wealth
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Main
characters:

Cavour:
• Prime minister of the
monarchicst
Piedmont.

Garibaldi:
• Revolutionist who led
an army of volunteers
called the «red shirts»
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Type of unification process:
▫ Military

• Process:

▫ 1859: After gaining support from
France, King Victor Emmanuel II
and his prime
minister, Cavour, fought
successfully against Austria.
▫ Austria was defeated in the battles
of Magenta and Solferino.

• Result:

▫ The Austrians were expelled from
Lombardy.
▫ Lombardy was given to Piedmont.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ The Piedmontese gradually
conquered and annexed the
rest of the Italian Peninsula
with the help of
Garibaldi, including
Venetia and the Kingdom of
the Two Siciles.
▫ 1859: Garibaldi and the
«Red Shirts» conquered
the Southern States.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point:
▫ 1815:
 German territory was
divided in 39 states.
The Congress of Vienna
created the German
Confederation, and was
dominated by Austria
and Prussia.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point:

▫ 1834: Prussia created a
customs union.
 This was the first unifying
step given by Prussia.
Austria didn´t take part.

▫ 1848: the nationalist
Revolution

 It failed because the king
didn´t accept the throne of a
unified Germany in the
parliament of Frankfurt.
 But it consolidated the
nationalism.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
Main
characters
from 1862:

King Wilhelm I

Chancellor Bismarck
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ Bismarck started the
German unification
process with a conflict
with Denmark over the
Duchies of Schleswig
and Holstein.
▫ 1864: Denmark was
defeated.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1866:
 Prussia defeated
Austria in the battle of
Sadowa and created the
Northern German
Confederation.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1870:
 France was defeated in
the Franco-Prussian War.
 France didn´t accept Prussian
influence.

 Result:
 France had to surrender the
region of Alsace-Lorraine to
Germany.
 The Southern states joined to
the German Confederation.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1871:
 Bismarck established the
Second Reich, or
German Empire, with
Wilhem I as its kaiser.
SPAIN: FROM LIBERAL
MONARCHY TO REPUBLIC
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
• What happened in 1833?
▫ Fernando VII died.
▫ Isabel II became Queen of Spain, but she
was only 3 years old.
▫ Fernado VII´s widow, María
Cristina, became the regent.
▫ At the same time, Fernando VII´s
brother, Carlos María Isidro de
Borbón, proclaimed himself as king of
Spain:
 This was the beginning of the First Carlist
War. (1833-1840).

María Cristina of Bourbon
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
• What were the Carlist Wars?
The Carlist Wars were military conflicts between:

the supporters of Isabel
II, called liberals.

and those who believed that her uncle Carlos was the
legitimate heir to the Spanish throne.
They were called carlists.

They defended the absolutism and the Ancien
Régime.
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
• The First Carlist War
▫ In 1833 Carlos Mª Isidro

proclaimed himself king of Spain.
▫ It lasted 7 years (1833-1840)
▫ The Carlists were defeated.
▫ The «Abrazo de Vergara» put an
end to the war.
 But the conflict continued through
the rest of the 19th century.
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

What´s the importance of the reign of Isabel II?
Complete these table about the two liberal political
parties that supported Isabel II:
What kind of suffrage existed during the reign of Isabel II?
What was the military´s role during the reign of Isabel II?
What regents governed in Isabel II´s place when she was a
child?
How old was Isabel II when she reached the age of
majority?
Explain the political problems she had to deal with when
she reached the age of majority.
What did Isabel II´s government do to solve the Spain´s
economic problems?
What did they do with the expropriated lands?
What was the money obtained at public auctions used
for?
ow were the “latifundios” or agricultural estates changed
through this expropriation?
These lands were supposed to be expropriated for small
farmers to buy them. But, in fact, who had the money to
buy it?
What happened to many common lands, that had been
used by ordinary people to collect wood or use them as
pasture for their farm animals? What was the
consequence of that?

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

What was the consequence of expropriating lands
to the Church?
What happened in 1868? What did Isabel II have to
do?
What´s the name of that revolution?
Why is this revolution important in Spain?
Explain the most important characteristics of the
Constitution of 1869.
What historical period followed to the Glorious
Revolution?
What were the two political systems that existed in
Spain during that period?
Who became king of Spain in 1871?
Why did this king have to abdicate?
Who was the legitimate heir of Isabel II?
What political system was established in Spain in
1873?
How long did it last? What dates?
What were the most important problems during
these period?
What economic achievements were there during
the Six Revolutionary Years?
What happened in 1874?
What was the result of this event?
General Espartero

Amadeo de Saboya

Isabel II

Alfonso XII
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
AMERICA DURING THE 19th
CENTURY
Restoration, liberalism and nationalism

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Restoration, liberalism and nationalism

  • 3. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820
  • 4. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 Europe after the Napoleonic Empire • What was the Restoration? ▫ It was a return to the political system of the Ancien Régime after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.
  • 5. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 The Cogress of Vienna The leaders of various European states met at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815). MEASURES The restoration of absolute monarchy Changes to Europe´s borders
  • 6. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 The Cogress of Vienna The restoration of absolute monarchy The European monarchs who had been deposed by Napoleon returned to power. However, some of these monarchs had to accept constitutional limits to their power
  • 7. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 The Cogress of Vienna Changes to Europe´s borders Napoleon´s conquests had transformed the map of Europe. After his defeat, another series of changes were made to guarantee peace and avoid new revolutions. Objectives: 1.- To reduce the number of States 2.- To stop the French conquers.
  • 8. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 Prusia annexed the Rhineland. Belgium was united with the Netherlands to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Cogress of Vienna France came back to its borders before the Revolution. The German Confederation was created. It was formed by 39 states, and was dominated by Austria and Prusia. Two buffer states were created to avoid a French invasion. Italy was divided into various states. Austria, Rusia and Prusia gained territories in a balanced way, so that no one could be more powerful than the others.
  • 9. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 The Cogress of Vienna • Two alliances were formed to enforce the agreements of the Congress of Viena: Objectives To enforce the Congress of Vienna To support Europe´s restored monarchs in the event of a revolution
  • 10. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE 1815-1820 The Cogress of Vienna • Two alliances were formed to enforce the agreements of the Congress of Viena: Alliances The Holy Alliance Russia Austria Prusia The Quadruple Alliance The three members of the Holy Alliance and Great Britain
  • 11. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII What happened in Spain after the war of Independence? Joseph I left Spain Fernando VII returned to the Spanish throne.
  • 12. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII Periods of Fernando VII´s reign 1.- The restoration of absolutism 2.- The liberal period 3.- The victory of absolutism
  • 13. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII 1.- The restoration of absolutism (1812-1820) What happened when Fernando VII returned to Spain? He had the support of the Spanish people Spanish people received him as their legitimate king What did Fernando VII do after becoming king? He abolished the Constitution of 1812 He ruled as an absolute monarch
  • 14. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII Some members of the Spanish military rebelled against this return of absolutism. In 1820, there was a successful revolt led by two army officers, Rieg o and Quiroga. The king restaured the liberal Constitution of 1812 and the rights and freedoms. General Riego
  • 15. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII 3.- The victory of absolutism (1823-1843) What did Fernando VII do to restore absolutism? He asked the Holly Aliance to assist him in reestablishing absolutism. What happened after this decision? There were more revolts but this time they weren´t successful
  • 16. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII The end of Fernando VII´s reign The problem of Fernando VII´s succession • Who was going to inherit the throne? ▫ Fernando VII had no sons. ▫ He had one daughter: Isabel. • Could women inherit the throne? ▫ No, they couldn´t. In Spain there was the Salic law, established by Felipe V. It didn´t allow females to inherit the throne.
  • 17. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII The end of Fernando VII´s reign The problem of Fernando VII´s succession • What did Fernando VII do? ▫ He proclaimed his pragmatic sanction, which replaced Salic law. ▫ This allowed his daughter, Isabel, to become queen after his death.
  • 18. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII The end of Fernando VII´s reign The problem of Fernando VII´s succession • Was everybody in favour of his pragmatic sanction? ▫ No, Fernando´s brother was angered:  Under Salic law, Fernando´s heir would have been his brother Carlos. Carlos María Isidro de Borbón
  • 19. THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE The reign of Fernando VII The end of Fernando VII´s reign The problem of Fernando VII´s succession • What were the consequences of the pragmatic sanction? ▫ The Carlist Wars  1833-1840  1846-1849  1872-1876
  • 21. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY LIBERALISM REVOLUTIONS 19th CENTURY TWO POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES NATIONALISM DEMOCRACY
  • 22. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY Origins: the Enlightenment ideas (American War of Independence and French Revolution). LIBERALISM Objective: Emphasis of individual freedoms and rights. (As a reaction against the Restoration of the Absolutism) Representation: It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
  • 23. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY SEPARATION OF POWERS LIMITED SUFFRAGE (Only male property owners) CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY LIBERALISM FREEDOM OF: - ASSOCIATION - RELIGION - THE PRESS
  • 24. REMEMBER! • What is the difference between a state and a nation?
  • 25. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY Origins: 1.- The expansion of the Napoleonic Empire. NATIONALISM 2.- The new division of Europe imposed by the Congress of Vienna => no respect to the identity of the peoples such as Polish, Belgians, Norwegians, Italians or Germans. 3.- The ancien Empires, such as the Ottoman, the Russian and the Austrian Empires, were formed by very different peoples.
  • 26. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY Consecuences: Some peoples claimed their independences. NATIONALISM Nationalism advocated the right of people who defined themselves as nations to establish their own independent states.
  • 27. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY INDEPENDENT NATION-STATES WITH CLEARLY DEFINED BORDERS THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT EACH NATION PREFERS NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY POPULATION WITH A COMMON HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE NATIONALISM A WELL-INTEGRATED SOCIETY
  • 28. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY In the 19th century, democratic movements defended ordinary people´s right to participate in politics. DEMOCRACY Representation: The middle and working classes.
  • 29. LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY OPPOSITION TO MONARCHY (Considered incompatible with democracy) REPUBLIC NATIONAL SOVEREINGTY UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE DEMOCRACY POLITICAL PARTIES SHOULD DEFEND THE RIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES AGAINST UPPER-CLASS DOMINANCE
  • 30. Do exercises 9, 10 and 11 on page 125. El comandante Riego
  • 31. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION Meaning Political revolutions The end of absolute monarchy Based on liberal and nationalist ideologies First half of the 19th century Characteristics Establishment of democracy
  • 32. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION Political revolutions First half of the 19th century 1820s => Portugal, Spain and Greece 1830 => France and Belgium 1848 => France, the Austrian Empire, the German Confederation and Italy
  • 33. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION • 1820s political revolutions ▫ Countries:  Portugal and Spain ▫ Characteristics:  liberal revolutions ▫ Aim:  To establish constitutional monarchies
  • 34. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION • 1820s political revolutions ▫ Countries:  Greece ▫ Characteristics:  liberal and nationalist revolution ▫ Aim:  To win its independence from the Ottoman Empire
  • 35. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION • 1830 political revolutions ▫ Countries:  France ▫ Characteristics: Carlos X of Borbon wanted to eliminate the charter given by Luis XVIII.  liberal revolution ▫ Aim:  To establish a constitutional monarchy. Luis Felipe de Orleans became king. He was the leader of the upper class.
  • 36. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION • 1830 political revolutions ▫ Countries:  Belgium ▫ Characteristics:  Nationalist revolution ▫ Aim:  To gain independence from the Neatherlands, to which Belgium had been united by the Congress of Vienna.
  • 37. THE AGE OF REVOLUTION • 1848 political revolutions ▫ Countries:  France, the Austrian Empire, the German Confederation and Italy. ▫ Characteristics:  More radical  Democratic revolution: ▫ Aim:  the middle class and proletariat were now demanding democratic reforms which would give them access to political power. ▫ Results :  Only in France the revolution suceed:  Proclamation of the Second Republic  Introduction of universal manhood suffrage
  • 39. ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION • How were Italian and German territories like until the mid-19th century? ▫ They were divided into numerous independent states. • What happened during the first half of the 19th century in these modern-day countries? ▫ Nationalists movements emerged. • What was the result of these movements? ▫ These states were unified to form two new nation-states: Italy and Germany.
  • 40. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Starting point: after the Congress of Viena, the Italian peninsula was divided into seven states:
  • 41. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Why was there a nationalist movement? ▫ They had a common language. ▫ They wanted to increase the economic market. ▫ They wanted infraestructures of transport.
  • 42. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Who was opposed to the Italian unification? ▫ The Austrians (after the Congress of Vienna, they had annexed the Kingdom of Lombardy, Parma, Mód ena and Toscana). ▫ The Papal States
  • 43. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Who was the motor of the unification? ▫ The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia  Italian monarchy of Saboya.  A great army.  Liberal constitution.  A seaport.  Wealth
  • 44. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Main characters: Cavour: • Prime minister of the monarchicst Piedmont. Garibaldi: • Revolutionist who led an army of volunteers called the «red shirts»
  • 45. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Type of unification process: ▫ Military • Process: ▫ 1859: After gaining support from France, King Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister, Cavour, fought successfully against Austria. ▫ Austria was defeated in the battles of Magenta and Solferino. • Result: ▫ The Austrians were expelled from Lombardy. ▫ Lombardy was given to Piedmont.
  • 46. ITALIAN UNIFICATION • Process: ▫ The Piedmontese gradually conquered and annexed the rest of the Italian Peninsula with the help of Garibaldi, including Venetia and the Kingdom of the Two Siciles. ▫ 1859: Garibaldi and the «Red Shirts» conquered the Southern States.
  • 47. GERMAN UNIFICATION • Starting point: ▫ 1815:  German territory was divided in 39 states. The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia.
  • 48. GERMAN UNIFICATION • Starting point: ▫ 1834: Prussia created a customs union.  This was the first unifying step given by Prussia. Austria didn´t take part. ▫ 1848: the nationalist Revolution  It failed because the king didn´t accept the throne of a unified Germany in the parliament of Frankfurt.  But it consolidated the nationalism.
  • 49. GERMAN UNIFICATION Main characters from 1862: King Wilhelm I Chancellor Bismarck
  • 50. GERMAN UNIFICATION • Process: ▫ Bismarck started the German unification process with a conflict with Denmark over the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. ▫ 1864: Denmark was defeated.
  • 51. GERMAN UNIFICATION • Process: ▫ 1866:  Prussia defeated Austria in the battle of Sadowa and created the Northern German Confederation.
  • 52. GERMAN UNIFICATION • Process: ▫ 1870:  France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.  France didn´t accept Prussian influence.  Result:  France had to surrender the region of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.  The Southern states joined to the German Confederation.
  • 53. GERMAN UNIFICATION • Process: ▫ 1871:  Bismarck established the Second Reich, or German Empire, with Wilhem I as its kaiser.
  • 55. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II • What happened in 1833? ▫ Fernando VII died. ▫ Isabel II became Queen of Spain, but she was only 3 years old. ▫ Fernado VII´s widow, María Cristina, became the regent. ▫ At the same time, Fernando VII´s brother, Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, proclaimed himself as king of Spain:  This was the beginning of the First Carlist War. (1833-1840). María Cristina of Bourbon
  • 56. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II • What were the Carlist Wars? The Carlist Wars were military conflicts between: the supporters of Isabel II, called liberals. and those who believed that her uncle Carlos was the legitimate heir to the Spanish throne. They were called carlists. They defended the absolutism and the Ancien Régime.
  • 57. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II • The First Carlist War ▫ In 1833 Carlos Mª Isidro proclaimed himself king of Spain. ▫ It lasted 7 years (1833-1840) ▫ The Carlists were defeated. ▫ The «Abrazo de Vergara» put an end to the war.  But the conflict continued through the rest of the 19th century.
  • 58. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II • • • • • • • • • • • • • What´s the importance of the reign of Isabel II? Complete these table about the two liberal political parties that supported Isabel II: What kind of suffrage existed during the reign of Isabel II? What was the military´s role during the reign of Isabel II? What regents governed in Isabel II´s place when she was a child? How old was Isabel II when she reached the age of majority? Explain the political problems she had to deal with when she reached the age of majority. What did Isabel II´s government do to solve the Spain´s economic problems? What did they do with the expropriated lands? What was the money obtained at public auctions used for? ow were the “latifundios” or agricultural estates changed through this expropriation? These lands were supposed to be expropriated for small farmers to buy them. But, in fact, who had the money to buy it? What happened to many common lands, that had been used by ordinary people to collect wood or use them as pasture for their farm animals? What was the consequence of that? • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • What was the consequence of expropriating lands to the Church? What happened in 1868? What did Isabel II have to do? What´s the name of that revolution? Why is this revolution important in Spain? Explain the most important characteristics of the Constitution of 1869. What historical period followed to the Glorious Revolution? What were the two political systems that existed in Spain during that period? Who became king of Spain in 1871? Why did this king have to abdicate? Who was the legitimate heir of Isabel II? What political system was established in Spain in 1873? How long did it last? What dates? What were the most important problems during these period? What economic achievements were there during the Six Revolutionary Years? What happened in 1874? What was the result of this event?
  • 59. General Espartero Amadeo de Saboya Isabel II Alfonso XII
  • 60. THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
  • 61. AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY