The document discusses the political developments in Europe between 1815-1870, including the Restoration period after Napoleon's defeat and the rise of liberalism, nationalism, and democracy. It describes how the Congress of Vienna redrew borders and established absolute monarchies across Europe, leading to nationalist revolts and liberal revolutions in the 1820s-1830s that overthrew many monarchs and established constitutional monarchies. Finally, it examines how liberal and nationalist ideologies drove the unification of both Italy and Germany in this period through both political and military means.