1. B R SIWAL
Email: brsiwal@gmail.com

2. Is identity, the biological difference
between men and women
Is genetically determined
Is fact of human biology, we are born
male or female
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3. Only small portion of the difference
can attribute to biological difference
e.g.. pregnancy, child birth, breast
feeding
Biological differences-chromosome,
external and internal genitalia
(reproductive organs) hormonal states
and secondary sex characteristic
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4.  Sex roles : sex roles refer to an
occupation or biological function for
which a necessary qualification is to
belong to one particular sex category.
For example, pregnancy is a female
sex role because only members of the
female sex may bear children.
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5.  Nature does not create gender
differences. Nature produces females
and males but society turns them into
women and men, feminine and
masculine.
 Women and men experience the world
in different ways. These differences are
constructed by the society and
experienced by the women differently
that becomes the basis of inequality in
their relationships.

6. Gender” refers to the socially
constructed roles and responsibilities
of women and men, in a given culture
or location. Gender refers to widely-shared
expectations and norms within
a society about male and female
behaviour, characteristics and roles.
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7.  Girls and boys learn these differences while they
are growing up in society, in different ways in
different cultures. The identities of women and men
are formed differently because social surroundings
impose different expectations on girls and boys
from the moment they are born.

8.  Gender is a culturally ascribed set of
characteristics that defines what it is to be a
man or a woman in a given cultural context
at a given time. It defines what women and
men do, how they behave, how they are
perceived and how they relate to each other

9.  Is how we are shaped after born in
society
 Identity of men and women is socially
psychologically and culturally
determined e.g. role, attitude, behaviour,
relationship and values
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10.  Is a relational term that include both
men and women and their social
relationships
 Is stereotyped image of men and women
 Gender may determine self concept and
self esteem
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11.  Describe the different power
structure inherent in relationship
 Identity is constantly reinforced by
society
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12.  Is constructed by society and therefore
can be changed
 Is learnt through the process of
socialization through the culture of the
society
 Is a variable it changes from time to
time, culture to culture even family to
family
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13.  Is learned from birth and reinforced
by parent, teachers and peers
 Is but one of a number of other
differential e.g. caste, class,
relationship, religion, race etc.
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14. Based on customs and traditions
Learnt through process of socialization
Differ from culture to culture
Passed on from generation to
generation like language
Changes over time
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15. Influenced by caste, class, religion and
relationship
Rest in structure of society
Arbitrary - do not relate to sex
Can be transformed by social change
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16. - Induced by economic transformation,
incentive, legislation
- Structured in inequality and
subordination
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17. Gender stereotypes are organised set of
belief about characteristics of male and
female - it includes physical appearance,
attitude, interest, socio-psychological
traits, occupation etc.
Traits associated with male are described
superior or positive whereas female
described as inferior or negative.
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18.  Parents
 Family members
 School
 Peer group
 The media
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22. - Women have not achieved equality with men in
any country.
- Their place is considered at home and public life
is controlled by man
- They play secondary role in decision making
- Their self-worth is undermined
- Their self concept is based on men’s perception

23. - Social institution socialise them into
subordinate role
- Parenting is primarily a women’s concern
- Women have less opportunities than men
- They are treated as sex object: - prostitution,
trafficking and pornography

24. - There are unequal power relations between men
and women in the family and society
- Designation of male as “head of household” for
all social economic and political purposes

25. - Social institutional framework religion,
patriarchy deny women decision making public
life and sanction women’s subjugation to men
- Development programme often neglect the
gender issues and there is wide gender
differential in achievements

26. - They are last to be hired and first to be fired
- Their work is invisible and economic
contribution is not recognised
- They suffer triple burden of work and drudgery
- No sharing of household work

27. - They are not acknowledge as breadwinner
- Most of women work in unorganised sector
without any protection
- They contribute 2/3 total hour receive 1/3 wage
and own 1/100 property
- They have less access to means of production

28. - They have limited support service
- They have fewer legal and customary rights on
property and assets
- They are stereotyped into subordinate roles-cultural
and religious institutions sanction it
- Their intelligence and capabilities are
undervalues

29. - Many women die due to unsafe and
illegal abortion
- Women are vulnerable to RTI
&HIV/AIDS infection from men
- Safe pregnancy care, rest, reduced
workload beyond the reach
- Girls and women face nutritional
discrimination eating last and least

30.  Globally Approximately 585,000
women die every year. Over 1,600 die
every day from causes related to
pregnancy and childbirth.
 Globally, 43 per cent of all women and
51 per cent of pregnant women suffer
from iron-deficiency anemia.

31. SEX RATIO - INDIA
Female per 1000 Males
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980
960
940
920
900
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
CENSUS
FEMALES PER 1000
MALES

32. Child Sex Ratio
Census Total Rural Urban
1981 962 963 931
1991 945 948 935
2001 927 934 906
Decline in child sex ratio from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001 has
some what activated the political, legal and administrative set up
of the country. However the Census findings should now be
converted into a tangible action plan to help the cause of the girl
child.
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33. RURAL AND URBAN SEX RATIO:
INDIA
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1000
970
940
910
880
850
820
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
CENSUS DECADES
FEMALES PER 1000 MALES
Rural Urban

34. Male-Female literacy rate in India:1951-2001
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Change in percentage
points
Census Yr Males Females Males Females
1951* 27.2 8.9 - -
1961* 40.4 15.4 13.2 6.5
1971* 46.0 22.0 5.6 6.6
1981# 56.4 29.8 10.4 7.8
1991# 64.1 39.3 7.7 9.5
2001# 75.3 53.7 11.2 14.4
Note:
‘*’ – For age group 5 years and above
‘#’ – For age group 7 years and above

35. br_siwal@yahoo.com
Census
year
Male-Female difference in literacy
Rates (in Percentage Points)
1 2
1951 18.3
1961 25.0
1971 24.0
1981 26.6
1991 24.8
2001 21.6

36. INDIA
MALE-FEMALE GAP IN LITERACY RATE
(STATE/UT)
1991 2001
GAP IN LITERACY RATE
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01 - 20.00
20.01 - 30.00
30.01 - 40.00
40.01 AND ABOVE
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37. Employment: Another Area of
Gender Disparity
43
29
87
79
Employed Employed for
cash
Women Men
Among the population age 15-49
Men are 2 times as likely to be
employed
Men are 2.7 times as likely to
be employed for cash
Among the employed, 64% of
women vs. 91% of men earn cash
Female share of population
employed for cash in non-agricultural
occupations is 22%
Percent

38. The majority of employed women
are engaged in agricultural work
TTyyppee ooff
wwoorrkkeerr
OOccccuuppaattiioonnaall DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn ((%%))
WWoommeenn MMeenn
PPrrooffeessssiioonnaall 77 77
SSaalleess 44 1144
SSeerrvviiccee 77 55
PPrroodduuccttiioonn 2222 3377
AAggrriiccuullttuurraall 5599 3333
OOtthheerr 22 44

39. Key Findings of NFHS III
Women are disadvantaged absolutely and
relative to men in terms of access to education,
media exposure, and employment for cash.
The majority of married women do not have the
final say on the use of their own earnings or all
other household decisions asked about.
Traditional gender norms, particularly those
concerning wife beating, remain strongly
entrenched.

40. - Women in extreme poverty
- Widow/deserted/separated
- Forced prostitution & trafficking
- Victim of rape & sexual harassment
- Victim of domestic violence

41. - Victim of marital disputes/conflicts
- Women of alcoholic/drug addicts husband
- Women with physical disabilities unwed
mothers
- Women in conflict with law and women
prisoners

42. - Women worker in bondage
- Women used as drug peddlers Women
used in pornography
- Victim of socially sanctioned practices-witch,
prostitution, sati, genital mutilation
- Victim of caste, class & gender

43.  PHYSICAL
–Dowry murder
–Battering
–Foeticide
–Infanticide
–Deprivation of
Food
Shelter
Medicare
–Trafficking
–Sexual violence

44. Rape
Molestation
Pornography
Incest
Exposure to Sexual Acts of others
Sexual Assault with object
Forcible Fondling
Trafficking
Juvenile Prostitution
Sexual Harassment / Eve teasing
Sex with minor (child marriage)

45. - There are practices of sex selection, foeticide
and infanticide hence there is denial of
female birth and life
- There is a deep-rooted gender
discrimination against girl child

46. - Cultural beliefs and practices permeate into
every aspect of the growing girl’s social and
cultural environment
- Girl child has biological advantage and
social disadvantage

47. - Girls are made to accept the norms of
male dominated society and considered
inferior to boy
- Denial or discrimination of
opportunities

48. - Deprived of her childhood and compelled
into early marriage and child bearing
- Girls nutritional intake is inferior in quality
and quantity

49. - There is less enrolment and high drop-outs among
girls
Girls are more susceptible to violence and
crimes – sexual abuse, child prostitution and
trafficking, rape
Discrimination life conditions place them at
greater risk of health and over all
development

50. - Girls are socialise for subjugation and
subordination
Girls assume domestic responsibility at early
age
Girl child in difficult situation is disadvantaged
on account of poverty, gender and
circumstances

51.  Child with disabilities
 Street & working child
 Destitutes & orphans
 Child abuse and neglect
 Child prostitutes – trafficking
 Girl child victim of violence

52.  Juvenile delinquents
 Slum and migrant children
 Parents in extreme poverty
 Children of prostitutes
 Children of women prisoners
 Children with HIV & AIDS
 Children in trauma – man made and natural
dissaster
 Child mother/early marriage/forced
pregnancy

53.  Gender justice encompasses various
conceptions of justice, ranging from
simple equality to concepts of
differentiated equality, the latter
signifying respect for difference
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54.  Creating an environment through positive
economic and social policies for full
development of women
 Enjoyment of all human rights and
fundamental freedom in all spheres –
political, economic, social, cultural and
civil
 Equal access to participation and decision
making
 Equal access to women to health care,
quality education at all levels
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55.  Strengthening legal systems aimed at
elimination of all forms of
discrimination against women
 Changing societal attitudes and
community practices by active
participation and involvement of both
men and women
 Mainstreaming a gender perspective
in the development process.
br_siwal@yahoo.com

56.  Elimination of discrimination and all forms
of violence against women and the girl child
 Building and strengthening partnerships
with civil society, particularly women’s
organizations.
 Legal-judicial system will be made more
responsive and gender sensitive to women’s
needs, especially in cases of domestic
violence
br_siwal@yahoo.com

57.  Changes in personal laws such as those
related to marriage, divorce, maintenance
and guardianship so as to eliminate
discrimination against women.
 Women’s equality in power sharing and
active participation in decision making,
including decision making in political
process at all levels
 Enhance women’s access to credit micro-finance
br_siwal@yahoo.com

58.  Enhance the capacity of women and
empower them to meet the negative
social and economic impacts, which
may flow from the globalization
process.
 Support services for women, like child
care facilities, including crèches at
work places
 Support services for Women in
Difficult Circumstances
br_siwal@yahoo.com

59.  All forms of violence against women,
physical and mental, whether at domestic or
societal levels, including those arising from
customs, traditions or accepted practices
shall be dealt with effectively
br_siwal@yahoo.com

60.  Strict enforcement of laws against
prenatal sex selection and the
practices of female foeticide, female
infanticide, child marriage, child
abuse and child prostitution etc.
Removal of discrimination in the
treatment of the girl child within the
family and outsid
br_siwal@yahoo.com

61.  Media should be used to portray images
consistent with human dignity of girls and
women
 Institutional mechanisms, to promote the
advancement of women, which exist at the
Central and State levels, should be
strengthened
 Effective implementation of legislation
should be promoted by involving civil
society and community.
br_siwal@yahoo.com

62.  Strict enforcement legal provisions
and speedy redressal of grievances
relating to violence and atrocities.
 Measures to prevent and punish
sexual harassment at the place of
work, protection for women workers in
the organized/ unorganized sector
br_siwal@yahoo.com

63.  Crimes against women, their incidence,
prevention, investigation, detection and
prosecution will be regularly reviewed.
 Dissemination of information on all aspects
of legal rights, human rights and other
entitlements of women,
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64.  Training of personnel of executive,
legislative and judicial wings of the
State, with a special focus on policy
and programme framers,
implementation and development
agencies, law enforcement machinery
and the judiciary, as well as NGOs
should be undertaken
br_siwal@yahoo.com

65.  Promoting societal awareness to gender
issues and women’s human rights.
 Removal of all references derogatory to the
dignity of women from all public documents
and legal instruments.
 Use of different forms of mass media to
communicate social messages relating to
women’s equality and empowerment.
br_siwal@yahoo.com

66. THANK YOU
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